Bicycle Advisory Committee References

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References

General Resources

GR – 1 City of Vancouver Engineering Services, Letter to Bicycle Advisory Committee, Jim Hall, 2004-11-05.

GR - 6. Cycling market potential: H-JEH Becker, Cycling Potential in Vancouver, 2004

GR - 9 Various sources. Specific references not available.

Cool Vancouver Task Force

CV – 1 Sources of capital for cycling infrastructure

Cool Vancouver Task Force Draft Community Climate Change Action plan 2004, 7.3 Walking and Cycling Infrastructure, pages 33 and 34

CV – 2 Cool Vancouver target for GHG reduction through transportation alternatives (91,000t)

Cool Vancouver Task Force Draft Community Climate Change Action plan 2004, 7.3 Walking and Cycling Infrastructure, page 3.

Costs

C – 1 Traffic Lane Cost and Lane Volume

City of Toronto Bike Plan, Shifting Gears, June 2001, page 1-2
Cost of traffic lane - $300,000 to $500,000 per km to design and construct.
Lane provides additional capacity of 800 vehicles per hour
Cost of a single 1.5 metre bike lane - $5,000 to 10,000 for restriping, $35,000 to $150,000 per km when road widening is required.
Single 1.5 metre bike lane - capacity of 2,000 trips per hour

Additional references to C – 1:

3 Ministry of Transportation of Ontario, Ontario Bikeways Planning and Design Guidelines, pg. 8-34, March 1996.

4 All cost estimates are exclusive of land acquisition and major utility relocations.

C – 3 Traffic Congestion Costs

C – 3a Movements of Goods Congestion TransLink's
TransLink's 2005-2007 Three-Year Plan & 10-Year Outlook, Strategic Transportation Plan Amendment, December 2003, Page 21

$500 million in 1999 (estimates up to $1.5 billion.)
Source – BC Trucking Association estimate

Economic Case for Cycling Infrastructure

E - 1. Personal vehicle driving costs: 2003 CAA Driving Costs

E - 2. Rapid transit fare cost based on cost of Monthly TransLink two-zone pass, 2004

E - 3. Traffic Lane reductions based on road usage data available from VanMap and TransLink’s Long Range Transportation Plan Context Paper, 2003-02-12.

Maintenance cost reductions for roads as quoted in the: TransLink’s 2005-2007 Three-Year Plans & 10-Year Outlook, Strategic Transportation Plan Amendment, December 2003, Page 22.

E - 4. Greenhouse gas emissions:

E – 4a Greenhouse gas emission calculations: H-JEH Becker based on unit vehicle emissions from British Sources (Sustrans - Safe Routes to Schools Scheme - Teacher's Research Pack), and Environment Canada, Making Transportation Sustainable: A Case Study of the Quebec City – Windsor Corridor, http://www.ec.gc.ca/transport/publications/tos406/makingsustrans2.htm.

E – 4b GVRD, Forecast and Backcast of the 2000 Emission Inventory for the Lower Fraser Valley Airshead 1985-2025, Table A – 12: Trends in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions, page A-23, July 2003.

E – 4c Population, vehicle ownership, trips, average trip distances based on: TransLink’s Long Range Transportation Plan Context Paper, 2003-02-12, page 4 and on the City of Vancouver’s Downtown Transportation Plan.

E- 5. Traffic congestion cost estimates: B.C. Trucking Industry estimate as quoted in TransLink’s Long Range Transportation Plan Context Paper, 2003-02-12, Page 21

E – 6. Cyclists expenditures and tax effect based on: H-JEH Becker - summaries of various studies on expenditure habits of touring cyclists and Velo Quebec publication. References – Internet address, Submission to the VIAA.

E – 7. Cost of operating a vehicle to a business: H-JEH Becker, from various sources.

Health and Health Economics

H - 2. Premature deaths:

H – 2a Air Pollution and Health (Verbal Estimates of Premature Deaths in GVRD), Dr. Ray Copes of the BC Centre of Disease Control, GVRD Air Quality Management Plan Workshop #1, 2004-04-29 Meeting,

H – 2b Estimates based on work of Dr. Brauer of UBC.

H – 2c Dr. Copes premature death estimates of 15 to 250

H – 2c Dr. Brauer estimates in the GVRD of 0 to 800 per year

H – 2d Montréal Study for Canada – Deaths due to Air Pollutants in urban areas of Canada of 5,000 to 6,000 per year.

H - 3. Pollution effects on cyclists and motorists: Unrecorded studies in London, Washington, and Los Angeles.

H - 4. Health care system costs:

Statistics Canada, 2001 Census Data

Greenhouse Gas (GHG)

GHG – 1 City of Vancouver, Cool Vancouver, The Cool Vancouver’s Task Force Draft Community Climate Change Action Plan, 2004

GHG – 1a. City of Vancouver commitment, page 2, paragraph 4.

GHG – 1b. Committed reduction includes a national population increase projection of 21% from 1990 to 2012, page 2, paragraph 6.

GHG – 1c. City of Vancouver’s fair share of Canada’s 6% reduction target would translate to a 409,000 tonne reduction in annual GHG emissions from the 2012 business-as-usual emissions forecast, page 2, paragraph 6.

GHG – 1d. Cool Vancouver identifies 6 key initiatives that are targeted to result in 229,000 tonnes of emission reductions below 2012 business-as-usual GHG emission forecast or about 50% of the total reduction required t meet the City of Vancouver’s total commitment, page 3, paragraph 5 and 6.

GHG – 1e City of Vancouver GHG annual production, page 12, paragraph 1.

1990 GHG emissions - 2.9 million tonnes
2012 Business-as-usual forecasted GHG emissions = 3.16 million tonnes
2012 Targeted total GHG Emissions – 2.75 million tonnes (Vancouver’s share of 6% below 1990)
City of Vancouver reduction target = 409,000 by 2012.

GHG – 1f. City of Vancouver light-duty vehicles expected emission production by 2012 of 900,000 tonnes, page 31, paragraph 2.

Master Cycling Plans

MCP – 1 City of London England, Transport for London, Creating a chain reaction, The London Cycling Action Plan, February 2004

MCP – 1a Section 2.6 Benefits to London and Londoners, page 14
Economic and social justification for expenditure of funds in London’s master cycling plan.

MCP – 2 Houston – Galveston Transportation Management Area, Regional Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan

MCP – 2a Executive Summary, Benefits of Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation

MCS – 3 Houston – Galveston Area Council, Vision 2020 Metropolitan Transportation Plan, 7.5 Bicycles and Pedestrian Improvements, page 69 , October 1997

MCP – 4 Houston – Galveston Area Council, 2025 Region Transportation Plan, Draft, 2004-06-17

MCP – 4a Houston– Galveston Area Council, 2025 Region Transportation Plan, Appendix C – Regional Bikeway Plan Update

MCS – 4 City of Toronto, Bike Plan, Shifting Gears, June 2001

MCS – 5a Justification of cycling infrastructure

Section 1, Pages 1.2 and 1.4

MCS – 5b Inactive Lifestyle and Health Care Costs

Section 1, page 1-3
Canadian Medical Association Journal, 2000-11-28

MCS – 6 City of Vancouver, 1999 Bicycle Plan: Reviewing the Past, Planning the Future

MCS – 6a Cycling Infrastructure Investment by Year 1990 to 1999

Page 21, Table 8: Cost of Vancouver’s Bicycle Network

Master Cycling Plans - Visions

MCPV – 1 Australian National Cycling Strategy Vision and Target

Austroads, Renewal of Australian Cycling – The National Strategy Report, Draft Outline, December 2004.
Increase cycling for transportation, recreation and tourism purposes to enhance the well being of all Australians.
Target Increase cycling trips by 20% per year.

Mode Split - Cycling

MSC – 1 Cycling Mode Split

MCS – 1a. Cycling Mode Split – GVRD, City of Vancouver
Statistics Canada, Census 2001, Getting People to Work on Foot or Bicycles E:\Cycling Statistics - Canada 2001 Census Transportation\96F0030XIE2001010 - Bicycle - Where Canadians work and how they get there.htm, Five census metropolitan area s with the highest proportions of workers bicycling to work, 2001, 1996 (http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/Products/Analytic/companion/pow/tables/subprovs/top5bike.cfm)
Statistics Canada, Census 2001
1996 1.7%
1996 2.7% (to be verified) City of Vancouver
1996 3.3% City of Vancouver ^{(MSC – 1d)}
2001 1.9% Greater Vancouver Region District (GVRD)

MSC – 1b. Cycling Mode Split – Canadian, Provincial, Jurisdictions
Cycling Mode Split by Province
Cycling Mode Split by Jurisdictions

(http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/Pow/RetrieveTable.cfm?Lang=E&T=601&GH=8&D1=1&SC=1&SR=126&S=0&O=A)

MSC – 1d Cycling Mode Split – Greater Vancouver, City of Vancouver
GVTA, TransLink, Long Range Transportation Plan Context Paper, 2003-02-13, page 3, paragraph 6
Based on 1996 Census of Canada
Daily Work Commutes – 729,000
Cycling mode split – GVRD – 1.7%
Cycling mode split – City of Vancouver – 3.3%
Cycling mode split – City of Vancouver – Community High – 10%
Cycling mode split – Surrey –0.67%

MSC-2 Cycling Mode Split – GVRD and the City of Vancouver

MSC-2a City of Vancouver, Downtown Transportation Plan, 2001, Section 3, Page 23, Figure 3-B, and 1999 TransLink Trip Diary Survey
Trips – All GVRD destinations over 24 hour period, purposes.
1994 1%
1999 2%

MSC-2b City of Vancouver, Downtown Transportation Plan, 2001, Section 3, Page 23, Figure 3-C, and 1999 TransLink Trip Diary Survey
Trips that end in the City of Vancouver, 24-hour period, all purposes.
50% of GVRD trips
1994 1%
1999 3%

MSC- 2c City of Vancouver, Downtown Transportation Plan, 2001, Section 3, Page 23, Figure 3-D, and 1999 TransLink Trip Diary Survey
Trips that end in Downtown Vancouver, 24-hour period, all purposes.
1994 1%
1999 2%

MSC-2d City of Vancouver, Downtown Transportation Plan, 2001, Section 4.4.1 Page 94, and 1999 TransLink Trip Diary Survey (Nov / Dec)
Bicycle trips, 24-hour period, all purposes:

Throughout GVRD region 90,500 trips
End destination within the City of Vancouver about 50% or 45,000
End destination within Downtown Vancouver About 18% or 16,000

End destination within Downtown Vancouver, work trips about 8,000
End destination within Downtown Vancouver Cycling mode share 2.3% of all trips, including walking transit, cars, etc.

MSC-2d Downtown and Vancouver Mode 24-Hour Trip Origin Share – All Modes,
(Source unconfirmed - ?City of Vancouver, Downtown Transportation Plan, 2001?), Appendix A – Downtown and Vancouver Mode Share, 1999 TransLink Trip Diary Survey (Nov / Dec)

MSC – 3. Cycling Mode Split – and Related Cycling Data – GVRD

TransLink

MSC – 4. Cycling Mode Split - Vancouver

Regional Travel Study, Canadian Facts, 2000
All trips in Vancouver - Cycling mode split 7%

MSC - 5. Cycling Mode Split – Canadian, Provincial, Jurisdictions

MSC – 5a Cycling Mode Split by Jurisdictions

Statistics Canada, Census 2001, Getting People to Work on Foot or Bicycles E:\Cycling Statistics - Canada 2001 Census Transportation\96F0030XIE2001010 - Bicycle - Where Canadians work and how they get there.htm, Five census metropolitan area s with the highest proportions of workers bicycling to work, 2001, 1996 (http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/Products/Analytic/companion/pow/tables/subprovs/top5bike.cfm)
(http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/Pow/RetrieveTable.cfm?Lang=E&T=601&GH=8&D1=1&SC=1&SR=126&S=0&O=A)

MSC - 6. Cycling mode split by Country:

Transportation Research Board 28, table 2-2, pg 30, Figure 1 Walking and Bicycling Share of Urban Travel in North America and Europe, 1995
http://www.city.toronto.on.ca/cycling/bikeplan/index.htm

MSC – 9 Cycling Mode Share Growth in Select European Cities.

Relationship between investment level and increased cycling levels.
City of London England, Transport for London, Creating a chain reaction, The London Cycling Action Plan, February 2004

MSC – 9a Section 3 – Headline Targets, Table 5: Case Studies, Page 24
Baseline and End Mode Share and Average annual increase in cycling flows
Mode share increased in cities to a level range of 4.5% to 43% while annual cycling traffic grew during the observation periods in the range of 1.2% to 7.0%. Study periods ranged from 6 to 20 years.
Vienna. Munich. Munster, and Berlin achieved cycling traffic growth from cycling investments.
0.35% cycling traffic increase per £1 million investment based on Berlin and Munich.

Mode Split – Intermodal Commuting – Cycling and Transit

MSI-1. Bikes on SkyTrain Boarding Statistic:

MSI – 1a TransLink, Q1, Transit Performance Summary Report, 2004-07-21 - Cycling share of Rapid transit Station Access Mode Split was based on 2003 boarding of SkyTrain line of 62,047,998.

MSI – 1b TransLink Board Presentation of 2004-05-19, Agenda Item 4.4 Permanent Policy Proposal to Allow Bicycles on SkyTrain, http://www.translink.bc.ca/files/board_files/meet_agenda_min/2004/05_19_04/4.4bikes.pdf, Permanent Policy Proposal to Allow Bicycles on SkyTrain, Glen Leicester, Vice President, Planning, 2004-05-10

MSI – 1c Vancouver - SkyTrain Boarding Calculation - Annual boarding from cyclist leaving bikes at station based on 2 trips per day and 365 days per year.

MSI – 1d Bike Locker Usage:
TransLink statistics, 2004-07.

MSI 2 Cycling mode access split to stations:

MSI – 2a City of Toronto, City of Toronto Bike Plan – Shifting Gears, 1999, Rapid Transit Station Access by Modal Split – Cycling to the Station

Mode Split - Transportation

MST – 1 Transportation Mode Split – to Work

MST – 1a Statistics Canada, Census 2001

Place of Work, Mode if Transportation to work by sex
(http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/Pow/)
Employed Labour Force Having a Usual Place of Work or No Fixed Workplace Address by Mode of Transportation, 2001 Counts for Both Sexes, for Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations - 20% Sample Data
(http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/Pow/RetrieveTable.cfm?Lang=E&T=601&GH=8&D1=1&D2=1&SC=1

Statistics – Cycling

SC – 3 Model to predict cycling traffic growth after implementation of cycling infrastructure on a road based on cycling traffic before start of implementation.

Model – Cycling Traffic Growth Pattern by Facilities Type, H-JEH Becker, 2004-12-14, Based on traffic data provided by City of Vancouver on Van Map and the VACC cycling traffic count on the Adanac and the Ontario / Seaside Bike Routes, summer 2003

Model for Major Arterial Bike Routes with growth of 375% by year 5, additional data may indicate growth to 500% by year 10. Limited data available after year 6 at this time.

Model for Secondary or Collector Bike Routes with growth of 175% by year 3. Insufficient data beyond year 5.
Models will be updated as additional data is available in 2005. Model based on cycling traffic at an intersection.

SC – 4 With improved street system for cycling, percent changes in automobile and cycling use following traffic measures in favour of cycling in Swedish towns

Pedestrian and Cyclists, OECD, 1979
Percent Changes in Bicycle Usage Automobile Usage

Vasteras +30 -20

Malmo +25 -15

Uppsala +17 n/a

Goteborg +15 -10

SC – 5 Cycling traffic growth after implementation of bike lanes in Toronto

City of Toronto, Bike Plan, Shifting Gears, June 2001
Justification of cycling infrastructure, Page 2-10, Figure 2.10, Before and After traffic volume for selected streets with bicycle lanes.
As reported in article by MacBeth, Andrew G., Bicycle Lanes in Toronto, ITE Journal, April 1999
Average growth of 23%.
Range from 4% to 42%
Data was collected 2 years after implementation.

Statistics - Population

SP - 1 Population Canada

SP – 1a Statistics Canada, 2001 Census Home page
2001 Census Data, A Profile of the Canadian Population: Where We Live
(http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/home/index.cfm)
BC, GVRD, City of Vancouver
Statistics Canada, Census 2001, GVRD

Population Statistics:
Canada, Census 2001
GVRD 1,986,965
City of Vancouver 546,671
British Columbia 3,907,740

SP- 2. Population Canada, Provinces, and Municipalities

Statistics Canada, 2002

SP - 3. Population in USA, Urban

U.S. Census Bureau, County and City Data Book: 2000, Table C-1. Cities – Area and Population
Data Sources – US Census bureau 2003

SP – 4. Population – European Cities

Wikipeadea
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitian_cities_of_Europe)

Transportation Vision

TV – 1 City of Vancouver Vision and Transportation Direction

City of Vancouver, Downtown Transportation Plan, 2001, Executive Summary, pages 1 and 4

VACC Submissions

V - 1. the VACC submission to RAVCO Project Team: Richmond Airport Vancouver Rapid Transit Project, Increasing Intermodal Commuting, Cycling and Rapid transit, What is Required to make it Grow?, 2003-03-19

V - 2. the VACC Target Cycling Mode Split: the VACC submission to TransLink, TransLink Transportation Long-range Plan, the VACC Proposal for Cycling Component within the Plan, 2003-04-23